Bring a large pot of salted water to a boil. Cook the bowtie pasta according to the package directions until al dente. Drain and set aside.
Pat the chicken breasts dry, then season both sides with salt and black pepper.
Heat the olive oil in a large skillet over medium-high heat. Add the chicken breasts and cook for about 6–7 minutes per side, depending on thickness, until golden and the thickest part reaches 165°F (74°C).
Transfer the cooked chicken to a plate and allow it to rest for several minutes before slicing.
Meanwhile, combine the softened butter, minced garlic, lemon juice, lemon zest, parsley, smoked paprika, and optional red pepper flakes in a bowl. Mix until evenly combined.
Return the skillet to medium-low heat. Add the drained bowtie pasta followed by the cowboy butter mixture. Toss gently until the butter melts and evenly coats the pasta.
Slice the rested chicken into strips and add it to the skillet. Gently toss the Cowboy Butter Lemon Bowtie Chicken until everything is warmed through and coated in the buttery lemon-garlic sauce.
Sprinkle with grated Parmesan cheese and additional fresh parsley, if desired. Serve immediately while warm.